As European countries increase their defense spending after Russia’s brutal, full-scale invasion of Ukraine, much attention has been paid to big-ticket military systems such as F-35s, tanks, and air and missile defense systems.
Japan faces a globalized defense industry in which international joint development and production of defense equipment have become mainstream.
China’s expanded nuclear capability merits deeper thinking within and among the U.S., Australia, and India about the possibility that China could change its nuclear strategy or doctrine — and the potential implications of such a change.
China is currently facing a long-term, structural economic slowdown and rising risks of a financial crisis. Key contributors to China’s economic growth over the past two decades will not be repeated: demographic dividends, rising global exports, booming property construction, and unprecedented single-country expansion of credit and debt.
This essay outlines three evolving geopolitical groupings — U.S.-aligned democracies, an “authoritarian axis” led by China and Russia, and the Global South — and explores how the United States and partners should navigate this changing global order.
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